New Review Casts Doubt on Serotonin Theory of Depression

Sarah Murphy, LPC, ACP-EFT • April 3, 2024

For decades, many people in the public, clinicians, and the scientific community have accepted the "chemical imbalance" explanation of depression. However, a new review by Moncreiff et al (2022) challenges this long-held belief. Their comprehensive review found scant evidence linking low serotonin levels to depression. This finding has significant implications for understanding and treating this complex mental health condition and casts doubt on the serotonin theory of depression.

The theory

The serotonin theory of depression proposes that low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin cause depression symptoms. This theory has influenced public perception and treatment approaches for many years. However, the lack of robust scientific evidence supporting this theory has raised concerns among researchers.


The study setup

Moncreiff and colleagues conducted a meticulous review of existing research on serotonin and depression. They analyzed data from 17 diverse studies, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and genetic studies.


Study results cast doubt on serotonin theory of depression

  • The review found no consistent evidence to support the link between low serotonin and depression.
  • Studies examining serotonin metabolites, plasma serotonin levels, and receptor activity did not show a clear connection to depression.
  • Interestingly, some evidence suggests that long-term antidepressant use might actually decrease serotonin levels.
  • Genetic studies also failed to find a significant association between the serotonin transporter gene and depression.


Beyond the headlines

These findings challenge the oversimplification of depression as a solely "chemical imbalance". While further research is needed, this study highlights the importance of considering broader factors that contribute to depression, such as psychological, social, and environmental influences.


Moving forward

Understanding the limitations of the serotonin theory can pave the way for more holistic and individualized approaches to treating depression. This includes exploring a wider range of therapeutic options, including therapy, lifestyle modifications, and alternative treatment modalities. Indeed, numerous studies and one meta-analysis suggest that Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) can treat depression effectively.


If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, it's crucial to seek professional help. A mental health professional can provide personalized guidance and support to develop an effective treatment plan. You can find an ACEP-aligned professional here.


If you are a mental health professional, and would like to get trained in Emotional Freedom Techniques, check out ACEP's training here.


Do you love research? Stay up to date with the research on energy psychology here or ask to be added to the research mailing list.


Author bio:

Sarah Murphy, LPC, ACP-EFT, is a counselor in private practice and specializes in working with people who have serious illnesses. A student of the Ageless Wisdom, she is dedicated to sharing the Great Invocation.

 

Photo by K. Mitch Hodge on Unsplash

Energy Psychology Helps Heal Veteran’s Combat Trauma

By Ted Blickwedel, LICSW, MSW, MEd • April 9, 2025
After retiring from the military, I conducted individual and group therapy with combat veterans as a clinical social worker for the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) at the VET Center in Warwick, RI. In my work, I've had many experiences showing the power of energy psychology to help heal trauma . One of these amazing stories occurred during my tenure at the VA. Veteran suffers from PTSD A 70-year old Vietnam Veteran suffered for 45 years from chronic PTSD as a result of life-threatening events he endured and injuries he sustained during combat. Let's call him Joe (not his real name). His symptoms included nightmares and waking up profusely sweating every night since he returned from the war 45 years ago. Joe also had insomnia and anger issues. Conventional therapies and medication were not able to alleviate the adverse impact of his trauma. Unfortunately, Joe's experience is common among a vast number of Veterans receiving treatment for PTSD at the VA. Energy psychology resolves trauma-related symptoms In the first energy psychology session, I introduced Joe to Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) and explained the process and its efficacy. During the next 6 sessions, he tapped on the EFT meridian points for 2-3 rounds on each combat trauma we addressed. While he tapped, I guided him to verbally release related negative emotions. We did this until he no longer experienced any disturbance associated with these challenging events, as determined by muscle testing. The results were inspiring. At the end of six 50-minute sessions, Joe reported that his nightmares and night sweats completely stopped, and he felt more rested, peaceful, and significantly less anxious. Joe was even able to stop taking most of his anxiety and depression medication. His wife said she noticed a huge positive shift in his demeanor. Lasting results Over the next 3 years, Joe used EFT on his own to clear other developmental traumas and negative core beliefs. During this time, he only had four nightmares during one two-week period, which were triggered by watching a war movie. Afterwards, he did not have any recurrence of PTSD symptoms. Joe felt joy that he did not experience previously, and he was more emotionally open and affectionate with his wife. This heart-warming story shows the power of EFT to heal rapidly and effectively, with results that last. It's why I love using it. Going forward What a difference could be made with Veterans and their families if the VA and Department of Defense (DOD) used energy psychology techniques like these! They would be free of the devastating impact of PTSD, have better relationships and an improved quality of life. Many ACEP members have stories of hope and healing. Let’s share them! When we tell our stories, we can help inspire practitioners to adopt energy psychology methods that are powerfully grounded in effective healingwith long-lasting outcomes. Get trained and make a difference Are you a teacher or school employee? If so, get trained to bring powerful energy psychology techniques to your school by enrolling in ACEP’s free Mind Body Tools for Children training. If you are a clinician or stakeholder wanting to offer energy psychology to your community, enroll in ACEP’s free Emotional First Aid training . If you would like to get trained in using Emotional Freedom Techniques with clients, sign up for ACEP’s online training that begins with EFT Professional Skills 1 . Author Ted Blickwedel, LICSW, MSW, MEd, is an ACEP member and recipient of ACEP's 2021 Special Recognition Award. He is a retired Marine, combat veteran, former VA VET Center counselor, VA whistleblower, and author of Broken Promises: Marine Combat Veteran Turns Whistleblower Exposing Compromised Mental Health Care at the Department of Veterans Affairs. Photo by RDNE Stock Project

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In our quest for optimal health, longevity, and deeper connection, we often overlook the microscopic powerhouses driving every function within our bodies: the mitochondria. These remarkable cellular structures don't just produce energy—they may hold the key to extended lifespan, enhanced consciousness, and perhaps even our spiritual experiences.

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